UNIT OVERVIEW

The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth — oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, ice, and water vapour in the air. Water covers about 71% of Earth's surface and makes life possible.

In this unit, you will learn:

• How water moves through the environment in the water cycle
• The unique properties that make water essential for life
• How to test water quality using chemical methods
• The sources and effects of water pollution
• How water is treated and purified for safe use

Why this matters in South Africa:

Water is a scarce resource in our country. Understanding water chemistry helps us:

• Ensure safe drinking water for communities
• Protect rivers and dams from pollution
• Support agriculture and industry
• Monitor environmental health

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